Method-Level Bug Severity Prediction using Source Code Metrics and LLMs

In the past couple of decades, significant research efforts are devoted to the prediction of software bugs. However, most existing work in this domain treats all bugs the same, which is not the case in practice. It is important for a defect prediction method to estimate the severity of the identified bugs so that the higher-severity ones get immediate attention. In this study, we investigate source code metrics, source code representation using large language models (LLMs), and their combination in predicting bug severity labels of two prominent datasets. We leverage several source metrics at method-level granularity to train eight different machine-learning models. Our results suggest that Decision Tree and Random Forest models outperform other models regarding our several evaluation metrics. We then use the pre-trained CodeBERT LLM to study the source code representations' effectiveness in predicting bug severity. CodeBERT finetuning improves the bug severity prediction results significantly in the range of 29%-140% for several evaluation metrics, compared to the best classic prediction model on source code metric. Finally, we integrate source code metrics into CodeBERT as an additional input, using our two proposed architectures, which both enhance the CodeBERT model effectiveness

Effects of oral isotertinoin on serum lipids and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity in acne vulgaris patients

زمینه و هدف: داروی ایزوترتینوئین یک داروی معمول در درمان آکنه ولگاریس است. در این مطالعه اثر داروی ایزوترتینوئین بر میزان لیپیدهای سرم وآنزیم های شاخص کبدی در بیماران مبتلا به آکنه ولگاریس مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه کارآزمایی بالینی، از بین بیماران مراجعه کننده به پزشک متخصص پوست، 44 بیمار مبتلا به آکنه متوسط و شدید با میانگین سنی 0/6 ± 6/23 سال که با درمان های معمول بهبود نیافته بودند به روش در دسترس انتخاب شدند و به آنها روزانه 5/0 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم وزن بدنشان داروی ایزوترتینوئین به مدت 120 روز تجویز شد. میزان قند خون ناشتا، کلسترول، تری گلیسرید و فعالیت آنزیم های آلانین ترانس آمیناز، آسپارتات ترانس آمیناز و گاماگلوتامیل پپتیداز در قبل و بعد از درمان با کیت های تجاری موجود اندازه گیری شد. داده ها با استفاده از آزمون آماری تی زوجی در نرم افزار SPSS تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: این مطالعه نشان داد که بعد از درمان بیماران به مدت 120 روز با ایزوترتینوئین سطح سرمی کلسترول 02/12 (001/0=P)، تری گلیسیرید 9/57 (001/0=P) و گاما گلوتامیل ترانس پپتیداز 55/33 (001/0=P) افزایش یافته است. نتیجه گیری: بر اساس نتایج این مطالعه ایزوترتینوئین اثرات منفی روی وضعیت لیپیدی و آنتی اکسیدانی روی بیماران مبتلا به آکنه که از این دارو استفاده می کنند دارد، لذا توصیه می شود در مطالعات آتی همزمان با مصرف ایزوترتینوئین مصرف آنتی کسیدان هایی مانند ویتامین E در بیماران مورد ارزیابی قرار گیرد

The effects of dietary Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) supplementations on growth performance and some innate immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study investigated the effect of dietary Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) powder on the growth performance, immune responses and haematological parameters of rainbow trout fingerlings. Twelve cages were assigned to four treatments in triplicate and thirty fish (6.50±0.55g (were stocked. Treatments were different levels 0 (control), 0.5 (M0.5), 1 (M1) and 1.5% (M1.5) of Myrtle powder. The highest weight gain and specific growth rate and lowest feed conversion ratio were observed in fish fed with 1% Myrtle. The RBC, WBC and haematocrit were higher in the Myrtle fed treatments compared to the control group. The results showed increased total protein in M1.5 and M1 treatments compared with the control and M0.5 treatment. Also, the highest and lowest albumin were observed in M1.5 treatment and control group. Furthermore, serum ALP decreased along with the increasing Myrtle levels in diet, and lowest level was observed in M1 treatment. Lysozyme activity increased with increasing dietary Myrtle inclusion levels, although no significant difference was noticed when compared with control. These results revealed the potential growth enhancing and health promoting effects of Myrtle powder

Revisiting the magnetic and crystal structure of multiferroic KNiPO4_4

The magnetic, dielectric and structural properties of type-I multiferroic KNiPO$_4$ have been investigated by neutron powder diffraction, magnetization, dielectric and high temperature synchrotron-XRD measurements. Below the N\'{e}el transition of $T_\mathrm{N}$ = 25 K, KNiPO$_4$ displays a weakly non-collinear antiferromagnetic (AFM) structure with the orientation of the Ni$^{2+}$ magnetic moments mainly along $a$ axis. The compound crystallizes in the polar orthorhombic $Pna2_1$ space group at room temperature. A second-order structural phase transition corresponding to the onset ferroelectricity is observed at around $T_\mathrm{C}\sim$ 594(3)$^\circ$C, above which the crystal structure of KNiPO$_4$ adopts the centrosymmetric $Pnma$ space group. The compound also displays another structural phase transition at $T_\mathrm{0}\sim$ 469 -- 488$^\circ$C, with a first-order character, which is attributed to the rearrangement of oxygen ligands, resulting in a change in the nickel ion co-ordination from four to five

A survey on vehicular communication for cooperative truck platooning application

Platooning is an application where a group of vehicles move one after each other in close proximity, acting jointly as a single physical system. The scope of platooning is to improve safety, reduce fuel consumption, and increase road use efficiency. Even if conceived several decades ago as a concept, based on the new progress in automation and vehicular networking platooning has attracted particular attention in the latest years and is expected to become of common implementation in the next future, at least for trucks.The platoon system is the result of a combination of multiple disciplines, from transportation, to automation, to electronics, to telecommunications. In this survey, we consider the platooning, and more specifically the platooning of trucks, from the point of view of wireless communications. Wireless communications are indeed a key element, since they allow the information to propagate within the convoy with an almost negligible delay and really making all vehicles acting as one. Scope of this paper is to present a comprehensive survey on connected vehicles for the platooning application, starting with an overview of the projects that are driving the development of this technology, followed by a brief overview of the current and upcoming vehicular networking architecture and standards, by a review of the main open issues related to wireless communications applied to platooning, and a discussion of security threats and privacy concerns. The survey will conclude with a discussion of the main areas that we consider still open and that can drive future research directions.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Bis(9-amino­acridinium) bis­(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl­ato)cuprate(II) trihydrate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C13H11N2)2[Cu(C7H3NO4)2]·3H2O or (9-aminoAcr)[Cu(pydc)2]·3H2O, contains a Cu(pydc)2 (pydc = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl­ate) anion, two protonated 9-amino­acridine (9-aminoAcr)+ counter-ions and three uncoordinated water mol­ecules. The anion contains a six-coordinated Cu(II) atom within a distorted octa­hedral geometry. Non-covalent inter­actions i.e. N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and inter­molecular π–π contacts between the pyridine rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.7773 (13) Å] and acridine rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.4897 (13), 3.7784 (14) and 3.8627 (15) Å] result in the formation of a three-dimensional network

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe